By themediahives 
Background: The Pahalgam Terror Attack
On **April 22, 2025**, at approximately 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM, a devastating terrorist attack occurred in the Baisaran Valley meadow near Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir’s Anantnag district[1]. Between two to seven militants, armed with M4 carbines and AK-47s and wearing military-style uniforms, entered the popular tourist destination and carried out a meticulously planned massacre[1]. The attackers segregated tourists based on their religion, asking victims to recite the Islamic *kalima* to identify non-Muslims before executing them at point-blank range[1].
The attack resulted in **26 civilian deaths**—25 Indian tourists and one Nepali national—making it the deadliest attack on civilians in India since the 2008 Mumbai attacks[2][1]. Among the victims were several newlywed couples, with men shot in front of their wives[1]. A local Muslim pony operator, Syed Adil Hussain Shah, was also killed while attempting to protect tourists by wrestling a gun from one of the attackers[1].
The Resistance Front (TRF), an offshoot of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), initially claimed responsibility for the attack twice on April 22 and 23, but later retracted the claim[1]. Indian intelligence linked the attack to Pakistan, with digital traces leading to safe houses in Muzaffarabad and Karachi[1]. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) concluded that the attack was committed under directives from Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)[1].
April 22-28: India’s Measured Diplomatic Response
Following the Pahalgam attack, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who was on a foreign tour, immediately returned to India and convened a high-level security meeting[3][4]. On April 22, the Prime Minister issued a public statement declaring India’s firm resolve to crush terrorism and emphasizing that “even the masterminds will face punishment greater than imagination”.
India swiftly initiated a series of non-military measures against Pakistan:
**Suspended the Indus Waters Treaty**, a landmark water-sharing agreement that had survived multiple wars between the two nations
**Closed the Attari-Wagah border**, the only legal land crossing between India and Pakistan
**Expelled Pakistani diplomats** and declared military advisors in the Pakistani High Commission as *persona non grata*
**Cancelled all visas** issued to Pakistani nationals and ordered them to leave within 48 hours
**Banned Pakistani social media accounts** and suspended postal services
**Prohibited Pakistani vessels** from entering Indian ports
The UN Security Council issued a press statement on **April 25, 2025**, underlining “the need to hold perpetrators, organisers, financiers and sponsors of this reprehensible act of terrorism accountable and bring them to justice”[6][7]. This diplomatic backing would prove crucial for India’s subsequent military response.
April 29: The Green Light for Military Action
On **April 29, 2025**, Prime Minister Modi held a crucial high-level meeting with the top defense brass, including the Chief of Defence Staff and Service Chiefs[8][9]. During this meeting, PM Modi gave the armed forces **”complete operational freedom”** to decide on the mode, targets, and timing of the response to the Pahalgam terror attack[8][3].
The Prime Minister emphasized the national resolve to deal a “crushing blow to terrorism” and granted military commanders full autonomy in planning the retaliation[8][4]. This decision marked a significant departure from previous responses, signaling India’s intent to launch a comprehensive offensive rather than a symbolic strike.
According to sources, the operation took **12 days of meticulous planning** from the Pahalgam attack to execution[10]. Intelligence gathering, target selection, and strategy formulation took 8-9 days, followed by another 3-4 days to ensure the strategy was sound[10]. India displayed agility throughout the planning phase, continuously adapting to keep terrorist intelligence networks in the dark[10].
April 30 – May 6: Rising Tensions and Final Preparations
**April 30**: Pakistan continued to violate the ceasefire for the fifth consecutive night, targeting civilian areas along the Line of Control (LoC)[9]. Pakistan’s Information Minister claimed to have evidence that India was planning a military strike within 24 to 36 hours[9].
**May 1**: US Secretary of State Marco Rubio spoke with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, as well as Pakistani PM Shehbaz Sharif[9]. Jaishankar reportedly informed Rubio of India’s intent to strike[9]. The US State Department spokesperson expressed sorrow over the Pahalgam killings and reaffirmed commitment to cooperation with India against terrorism[9].
**May 3**: Pakistan test-fired a ballistic missile in a show of force[9]. India responded by cutting off all mail and trade routes with Pakistan, banning Pakistani vessels from Indian ports, and prohibiting its own ships from entering Pakistani waters[9].
During this period, ceasefire violations along the LoC became frequent, with cross-border shelling intensifying across multiple sectors in Jammu and Kashmir[11]. Both sides exchanged fire as military tensions escalated.
May 7, 2025: Operation Sindoor – The Opening Strikes
In the early hours of **May 7, 2025**, India launched **Operation Sindoor**—named after the vermilion mark worn by married Hindu women, symbolizing the widows created by the Pahalgam attack[2][7].
Timeline of the Night (May 6-7):
**1:05 AM – 1:30 AM IST**: The Indian Armed Forces executed precision strikes on nine terror camps across Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK)[2][8][6]. The operation lasted exactly **23 minutes**[12][13].
**1:28 AM**: The official X (Twitter) handle of the Indian Army (ADGPI) posted: “Praharay Sannihitaah, Jaya Prakshitayaah: Ready to Attack, Trained for Victory”[8].
**1:28 AM – 1:32 AM**: India carried out missile strikes on Pakistan and PoK[8].
**1:28 AM – 1:51 AM**: Loud explosions were heard in Pakistan’s Bahawalpur, Muzaffarabad, and other regions[8].
**1:51 AM**: The Indian Army posted on X again: “#PahalgamTerrorAttack Justice is Served. Jai Hind!”[8].
Targets and Weapons Systems
The nine locations targeted included:
1. **Two separate locations in Muzaffarabad (PoK)**
2. **Two separate locations in Kotli (PoK)**
3. **One location in Bhimber (PoK)**
4. **Two separate locations in Sialkot (Pakistan)**
5. **One location in Bahawalpur (Pakistan)** – Jaish-e-Mohammed headquarters at Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah
6. **One location in Muridke (Pakistan)** – Lashkar-e-Taiba headquarters at Markaz Taiba
These sites were linked to banned terror groups Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hizbul Mujahideen[2][15]. The targets included recruitment centers, indoctrination facilities, training camps, weapons storage sites, and launch pads for terrorists infiltrating Indian territory[2][15].
According to Indian sources, **over 100 terrorists were killed** in the strikes, including five high-value targets responsible for major terror attacks in India[2][16][17]. These included Yusuf Azhar, Abdul Malik Rauf, and Mudasir Ahmed, who were involved in the IC-814 hijacking and the Pulwama blast[17]. Jaish-e-Mohammed chief Maulana Masood Azhar accepted that 10 members of his family and four aides were killed in the Bahawalpur strikes[18].
Military Assets Deployed
The operation showcased India’s tri-service coordination:
**Indian Air Force (IAF)**[19][20]:
– **Rafale jets** armed with SCALP-EG cruise missiles (range: 250-500 km) for deep-strike missions on fortified targets in Bahawalpur and Muridke
– **Su-30 MKI fighters** providing air defense cover and equipped with Rampage missiles
– **Mirage 2000 aircraft** equipped with Spice-2000 precision-guided bombs
**Weapons Used**[21][22]:
– **SCALP (Storm Shadow) cruise missiles**: Long-range, terrain-hugging, stealth missiles with GPS/INS guidance
– **HAMMER (Highly Agile Modular Munition Extended Range)**: Precision-guided bombs with 70 km range
– **BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles**: Mach 2.8-3.0 speed, 450-500 km range[23]
– **Loitering munitions (Sky Striker kamikaze drones)**: Bengaluru-made, 100 km range, 5 kg warhead, used operationally for the first time[19][24]
**Indian Army**[19]:
– High-caliber M777 ultralight artillery guns using precision long-range M982 Excalibur rounds
– Loitering munitions for real-time surveillance and strikes
**Indian Navy**[17]:
– Provided precision munitions and support for the operation
Morning Briefing (10:30 AM IST)
At approximately **10:30 AM on May 7**, the Ministry of External Affairs held a historic press briefing on Operation Sindoor[25][6]. Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri was joined by two women officers—**Colonel Sofiya Qureshi** from the Indian Army’s Corps of Signals and **Wing Commander Vyomika Singh**, an IAF helicopter pilot with over 2,500 flying hours[25][26][27].
Their presence symbolized the operation’s namesake—the sindoor (vermilion) worn by widows of the Pahalgam attack victims[25][27]. This marked the first time in Indian military history that women officers led the official briefing after a major military strike[27].
Key points from the briefing[6][14]:
– The strikes were **”focused, measured and non-escalatory in nature”**
– **No Pakistani military facilities were targeted**
– The operation was conducted between 1:05 AM and 1:30 AM on May 7
– Nine terror camps were completely destroyed based on credible intelligence
– India demonstrated “considerable restraint in selection of targets and method of execution”
**2:46 AM**: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh reacted to the strikes, posting “Bharat Mata ki jay” on social media[8].
**3:10 AM**: US President Donald Trump issued a statement on India’s military strikes[8].
**3:15 AM**: National Security Advisor Ajit Doval spoke with US counterparts and Secretary of State Marco Rubio[8].
Pakistan’s Initial Response
Pakistan condemned the strikes as “an unprovoked and blatant act of war”[28]. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif promised “a strong and uncompromising response”[28]. Pakistani military spokesperson Lieutenant General Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry reported that the strikes resulted in at least 26-31 civilian casualties and 46 injuries[12][28][5], claiming that civilian areas and mosques were hit.
May 7-8: Pakistan’s Retaliation
On the night of **May 7-8**, Pakistan launched a coordinated counter-offensive targeting Indian military installations[29][30].
According to Indian statements, Pakistan attempted to engage **15 Indian military targets** across Northern and Western India, including[29][31]:
– Awantipura and Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
– Jammu, Pathankot, Amritsar, Kapurthala, Jalandhar, Ludhiana
– Adampur, Bathinda, Chandigarh (Punjab and Haryana)
– Nal, Phalodi, Uttarlai, and Bhuj (Rajasthan and Gujarat)
Pakistan used **drones and missiles** in these attacks[29][31]. However, India’s **Integrated Counter-UAS (Unmanned Aerial Systems) Grid** and layered air defense systems successfully neutralized these threats[29][32].
India’s Air Defense Performance
India’s multi-layered air defense system proved highly effective[32][33][34]:
**Layer 1 – High Altitude Defense**: S-400 Triumf systems
**Layer 2 – Medium Altitude Defense**: Akash surface-to-air missiles (demonstrated exceptional performance)[32][33]
**Layer 3 – Low Altitude Defense**:
– Pechora and OSA-AK systems
– LLAD (Low Level Air Defense) guns
– Upgraded L-70 anti-aircraft guns (240-330 rounds per minute, effective against drone swarms)[35]
**Layer 4 – Point Defense**: D4 anti-drone systems
The **Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS)** of the IAF coordinated all air defense elements, providing net-centric operational capability[33][34].
Debris recovered from Pakistani attacks included[32]:
– PL-15 missiles of Chinese origin
– Turkish-origin UAVs named “Yiha” or “YEEHAW”
– Long-range rockets and quadcopters
– Commercial drones
Pakistan’s LoC Shelling
On May 7, Pakistan’s army launched the **worst shelling attack in over 50 years** along the Line of Control, particularly targeting the border district of Poonch in Jammu[18][29]. This was considered the heaviest shelling since the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971[18].
The Pakistani shelling killed **one Indian soldier and 16 civilians**, including 12-year-old twins, and left 43 wounded[18][16]. The attacks destroyed 31 schools, hundreds of homes, a Sikh temple (Gurdwara), and Christian convents[7][18]. These deliberate attacks on religious sites were seen as part of Pakistan’s strategy to incite communal violence in India[7].
India’s Counter-Response (Morning of May 8)
On the morning of **May 8, 2025**, India launched counter-strikes targeting Pakistani air defense systems[29][36].
India targeted **air defense radars and systems** at multiple locations in Pakistan, including successfully neutralizing an air defense system at Lahore[29][33]. The Indian Armed Forces emphasized that their response was “in the same domain with same intensity as Pakistan”[29].
May 8: Foreign Secretary’s Second Briefing
On the evening of **May 8, 2025**, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri held another press briefing at 5:45 PM IST, again joined by Colonel Sofiya Qureshi and Wing Commander Vyomika Singh[37][38][39].
Key statements from the briefing[38][39]:
– Pakistan attempted to attack 15 Indian locations on the intervening night of May 7-8
– Pakistan’s attempts to hit Indian cities were thwarted; their drones and missiles were neutralized before causing damage
– **India’s intention was not to escalate matters**; India was only responding to Pakistan’s escalation
– The original escalation was the Pahalgam attack on April 22
– India’s approach remained non-escalatory, with no military targets initially targeted
– It was noted that Pakistan conducted military-style funerals for “civilians” with coffins wrapped in the national flag, suggesting state complicity with terrorists[37]
Foreign Secretary Misri emphasized: “The first point that you have to keep in mind is the attack of 22nd April in Pahalgam is the original escalation”[38].
May 9: Escalation Intensifies
Throughout **May 9, 2025**, the conflict escalated dramatically as both sides engaged in more intensive military operations[40][41].
Pakistan’s Continued Offensive
Pakistan maintained drone and missile attacks targeting Indian military installations. The Indian military continued to successfully intercept these attacks using its integrated air defense systems[40].
Pakistan also intensified firing across the LoC using mortars and heavy-caliber artillery in sectors including Kupwara, Baramulla, Uri, Poonch, Mendhar, and Rajouri in Jammu & Kashmir[29].
According to Indian reports, by the end of May 9, **16 innocent civilians had been killed**, including three women and five children, due to Pakistani firing[29].
India’s Continued Operations
Foreign Secretary briefings on **May 9** indicated that “Operation Sindoor is still ongoing and operational details will be shared when appropriate”[41]. This suggested that India was preparing for expanded military operations beyond the initial strikes.
The Indian armed forces maintained their stance that any further Pakistani aggression would be met with proportionate and decisive force.
May 10: Maximum Escalation and Ceasefire
**May 10, 2025**, marked the most intense day of the conflict, with both nations launching major strikes against each other’s air bases, followed by a dramatic ceasefire announcement.
Early Morning Strikes (Pre-Dawn)
In the early hours of **May 10 (around 2:00 AM)**, Pakistan attacked Indian Air Bases at Adampur and other locations in Punjab[36]. India characterized this as a major escalation.
ndia’s Expanded Operation Sindoor (Morning of May 10)
India launched a major expansion of Operation Sindoor, targeting **Pakistani air bases** for the first time[12][36]. According to sources, India conducted **pre-emptive missile strikes** on multiple Pakistani Air Force bases, including[12][36][42]:
– Nur Khan Air Base (near Rawalpindi/Islamabad)
– Sargodha Air Base
– Rafiqi Air Base
– Murid Air Base
– Jacobabad Air Base
– Bholari Air Base
– Shorkot Air Base
The strikes targeted aircraft entrances, critical weapons storage facilities, hangars, and AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft[36]. According to Indian assessments, Pakistani Air Force aircraft were rendered unable to get airborne, with their networked firing capacity negated[36].
Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri later stated: “Early on 10th morning we had mounted an extremely effective attack on key Pakistani Air Force bases. That was the reason they were now willing to stop firing and military action”[43].
Pakistan’s Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos
In response to India’s expanded strikes, Pakistan launched **Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos** (Operation Marshalled Structure)[12][18], targeting several Indian military bases including[12]:
– Udhampur Air Base
– Pathankot Air Base
– Adampur Air Base
– Sirsa Air Base
Pakistan claimed it targeted Indian air bases used to launch missiles against Pakistan, characterizing the operation as “an eye for an eye”[44].
On the night of May 9-10, in a desperate escalation, Pakistan fired **four missiles at New Delhi**—all of which were intercepted well before reaching their targets[15]. This marked a critical moment in the conflict, as it demonstrated Pakistan’s willingness to target India’s capital.
India’s Fatah missile defense systems, including the **Akash missile system**, successfully intercepted Pakistan’s nuclear-capable Fatah missile at Sirsa near Delhi[45].
The Ceasefire Call (Afternoon – May 10)
By midday on May 10, the intensity of India’s strikes had forced Pakistan to seek an urgent ceasefire.
**12:37 PM IST**: The Pakistani High Commission sent a request to the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) for a DGMO-to-DGMO hotline call[43].
**Initial technical difficulties**: Pakistan had difficulties connecting the hotline to the Indian side due to technical issues[43].
**3:35 PM IST (15:35 hours)**: The **Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) of Pakistan called his Indian counterpart**, Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai[46][47][48]. The timing was based on the availability of the Indian DGMO[43].
During this conversation, Pakistan’s DGMO proposed that “we cease hostilities”[48]. Both sides agreed to stop all firing and military action on land, in the air, and at sea[46].
**5:00 PM IST (17:00 hours)**: The **ceasefire came into effect**[46][49].
Official Ceasefire Announcement
Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri made an official statement announcing the ceasefire[46][49]:
“The Director General of Military Operations of Pakistan called the Director General of Military Operations of India at 1535 hours IST earlier today. It was agreed between them that both sides would stop all firing and military action on land and in the air and sea with effect from 1700 hours Indian Standard Time today. Instructions have been given on both sides to give effect to the understanding. The Director Generals of Military Operations will talk again on the 12th of May at 1200 hours.”[46]
International Reactions
**United States**: President Donald Trump announced on his Truth Social platform: “After extensive negotiations facilitated by the United States, I am delighted to report that India and Pakistan have consented to a complete and immediate ceasefire”[50][51]. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Vice President JD Vance had held extensive correspondence with both countries during negotiations[12].
However, India’s Ministry of Information and Broadcasting partially refuted US mediation claims, stating: “There is no agreement to engage in discussions on any other matters at any other location”[50][43]. Foreign Secretary Misri was clear: “Let me be clear, it was the force of Indian arms that compelled Pakistan to stop its firing”[43].
**China**: Expressed regret regarding India’s military operations and called for both parties to exercise restraint, though it opposed all forms of terrorism[52].
**France**: Understood India’s need to defend itself against terrorism but urged both nations to exercise caution to prevent escalation and protect civilians[52].
**Russia**: Voiced deep concern, condemned all forms of terrorism, and urged both countries to resolve differences peacefully through the Simla Agreement and Lahore Declaration frameworks[53][54].
**United Nations**: Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called for “utmost military restraint” and warned against military confrontation[53].
Ceasefire Violations (Night of May 10)
Despite the ceasefire agreement, Pakistan violated the understanding within hours[16][47]. Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai expressed disappointment that it took only a couple of hours for the Pakistan Army to violate the arrangements through cross-border and LoC firing, followed by drone intrusions[16][17].
India sent another hotline message to the Pakistani DGMO, highlighting that if violations continued, “these will be responded to fiercely and punitively”[16][47]. Chief of Army Staff General Upendra Dwivedi granted full authority to army commanders for counter-actions in case of any violation by Pakistan[16][47].
May 11: Joint Armed Forces Briefing
On the evening of **May 11, 2025**, the Indian Armed Forces held a comprehensive joint press conference on Operation Sindoor[16]. The briefing was addressed by:
– **Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai** (DGMO, Indian Army)
– **Air Marshal AK Bharti** (Director General of Air Operations, IAF)
– **Vice Admiral AN Pramod** (Indian Navy)
Key Takeaways from the Briefing[16][17]:
**Terrorist Casualties**:
– **Over 100 terrorists killed** in the precision strikes on nine terror camps on May 7
– High-value targets eliminated included those behind the IC-814 hijack and Pulwama attack
**Pakistani Military Casualties**:
– **35-40 Pakistani soldiers killed** during artillery exchanges from May 7-10
– Pakistan later officially admitted over 50 casualties, including 13 military personnel[55]
**Indian Casualties**:
– **Five Indian soldiers** killed in action during Operation Sindoor
– **16 civilians** killed due to Pakistani shelling across the LoC
**Air Operations**:
– The Indian Air Force downed “many Pakistani jets” (numbers not disclosed)[16]
– **All Indian pilots** who participated in the operation returned safely[16]
– Pakistan’s attempts to hit India’s military installations were foiled by air defense systems
**Operational Strategy**:
– Operation Sindoor was conceptualized with a clear military aim to punish perpetrators and planners of terror and destroy their infrastructure[17]
– Self-imposed restriction to target only terrorists and prevent collateral damage
– The strikes achieved total surprise across nine terror hubs[17]
Pakistani Response Assessment:
– Pakistan’s “erratic and rattled response” was apparent from the number of civilians, inhabited villages, and religious sites hit by Pakistani strikes[17]
– Pakistan approached India for ceasefire after realizing it could not sustain further military action[16]
**Future Stance**:
– There would be a “fierce cost” in case of any cross-border terrorist attack on Indian soil[16]
– Indian Navy’s actions were part of an “escalation ladder”—if Pakistan dares to take action again, “they know what we are going to do”[16]
Lieutenant General Ghai stated: “We achieved total surprise and those strikes across those nine terror hubs left more than 100 terrorists killed including high value targets”[17][56].
May 12: DGMO Follow-up Talks
On **May 12, 2025**, at 5:00 PM IST (rescheduled from noon), the DGMOs of India and Pakistan held their second round of talks via military hotline[57][51][48].
Key Outcomes of the May 12 Talks[51][58]:
– Both sides agreed to continue the ceasefire commitment
– **”Both sides must not fire a single shot or initiate any aggressive and inimical action against each other”**[51][58]
– Both sides agreed to **consider immediate measures to ensure troop reduction from the borders and forward areas**[51][58]
– The conversation lasted approximately 45 minutes[58]
The Indian Army stated: “Issues related to continuing the commitment that both sides must not fire a single shot or initiate any aggressive and inimical action against each other were discussed”[51][58].
The night of May 11-12 remained **largely peaceful** across Jammu & Kashmir and other areas along the international border, with no incidents reported—marking the first calm night in recent days[58].
Casualties and Damage Assessment
#### Indian Side:
– **5 military personnel** killed in action[16][17]
– **16 civilians** killed (including 3 women and 5 children) due to Pakistani shelling[29][17]
– **43 civilians** injured[18]
– **31 schools** destroyed[18]
– **Hundreds of homes** damaged[18]
– Religious sites damaged including a Sikh Gurdwara and Christian convents[7][18]
#### Pakistani Side (According to Indian Sources):
– **Over 100 terrorists** killed in the May 7 strikes on nine terror camps[2][16][17]
– **35-40 Pakistan Army personnel** killed during May 7-10 operations[16]
– High-value terrorist targets eliminated, including family members of Masood Azhar[18][5]
Pakistan officially admitted in August 2025 that **over 50 casualties occurred**, including **13 military personnel**, during Indian strikes[55]. Squadron Leader Usman Yousaf was confirmed killed when India attacked Bholari airbase[55]. Multiple Pakistani airbases including Nur Khan, Sargodha, Jacobabad, Bholari, and Shorkot suffered significant damage[55].
Military Technology and Indigenous Capability
Operation Sindoor showcased India’s growing defense self-reliance and technological advancement[21][19][33]:
**Indigenous Systems**:
– Akash surface-to-air missile system (exceptional performance)[32][33]
– BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles (first potential operational use)[23]
– Sky Striker loitering munitions (Bengaluru-made, operational debut)[19][24]
– Akashteer air command and control system (Indian Army)[34]
– D4 anti-drone systems[32]
**Imported but Integrated Systems**:
– SCALP-EG missiles on Rafale jets (France)[21][19]
– HAMMER precision bombs (France)[21][19]
– M982 Excalibur artillery rounds (USA)[12]
– Rampage missiles on Su-30MKI (Israel – first operational use)[59]
The operation demonstrated seamless **tri-service coordination** under the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) system, with the Navy, Army, and Air Force working in perfect synergy—a capability that “rattled Pakistan comprehensively”[4].
Strategic and Doctrinal Significance
Operation Sindoor marked a **watershed moment** in India’s national security doctrine[15][60].
The “New Normal” – Three Core Principles[15][60][4]:
1. **Assured Retaliation**: Any terrorist attack on Indian soil will be met with assured and proportionate retaliation. India will respond on its own terms, in its own way, and at its chosen time[15][4].
2. **No Nuclear Blackmail**: India will no longer be deterred by nuclear blackmail in its resolve to strike terrorist hideouts across the border[15][4].
3. **No Differentiation**: India will not differentiate between terrorists and the government that harbors them. If Pakistan’s military supports terrorists, it becomes a legitimate target[15][4].
Doctrinal Evolution[60][61]:
– **From Surgical Strikes (2016)**: Symbolic ground operations to demonstrate new willingness for cross-border action
– **To Balakot Airstrikes (2019)**: Demonstrated capability to strike deep into Pakistan via air
– **To Operation Sindoor (2025)**: Inflicted real material damage on terrorist infrastructure, including nerve centers at Bahawalpur and Muridke, with expanded strikes on military targets when provoked
Prime Minister Modi articulated this evolution in Parliament on **July 28, 2025**: “Operation Sindoor has established a new doctrine: any terrorist attack on India will result in a heavy cost for its masterminds and for Pakistan itself”[4].
Operation Sindoor was not born of adventurism but rooted in strategic clarity: “India will escalate conventionally to sub-conventional attacks. The burden of further escalation will lie with those who use terror as an instrument of state policy”[15].
Operation Mahadev: Neutralizing the Pahalgam Attackers
Following Operation Sindoor, Indian security forces launched **Operation Mahadev** to track down and neutralize the Pahalgam attackers who remained at large[1].
On **July 28, 2025** (over three months after the attack), security forces including CRPF, J&K Police, and the Army killed the three terrorists responsible for the Pahalgam attack in the Harwan jungles near Mahadev Ridge in Dachigam[1]:
– **Suleman Shah** (alias Faizal Jatt) – mastermind
– **Abu Hamza** (Hamza Afghani)
– **Yasir** (Zibran)
All three were Pakistani nationals affiliated with Lashkar-e-Taiba who had infiltrated into India in 2023[1]. They were tracked using a Huawei satellite phone that had been monitored since April 22, 2025[1]. Security forces recovered two Kalashnikov rifles, one M4 carbine, ammunition, GoPro body camera harness, a 28-watt solar charger, and other equipment[1].
Long-term Impact and Legacy
Military Implications:
Operation Sindoor demonstrated India’s ability to conduct **multi-domain warfare** with precision, speed, and strategic restraint[62]. The operation involved airstrikes, drones, cyber attacks, electronic warfare, and coordinated tri-service action[62].
The conflict marked the **first drone battle** between two nuclear-armed nations[12][18], showcasing the changing nature of modern warfare.
India’s indigenous air defense and electronic warfare networks proved superior to Pakistan’s Chinese-supplied systems[32][33]. The operation validated India’s growing defense self-reliance under the Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) initiative[21].
Diplomatic Implications:
Operation Sindoor strengthened India’s global standing as a decisive counter-terror state[61]. Major powers acknowledged India’s right to self-defense, though they urged restraint[53][52].
The operation exposed Pakistan’s direct complicity with terrorism, with viral images showing Pakistan Army officers conducting state funerals for LeT terrorists in Muridke[15].
However, the operation also led to complex diplomatic challenges. India’s refusal to credit US mediation efforts and its independent stance created tensions with the Trump administration, contributing to a later US-India diplomatic crisis in August 2025[63][64].
Regional Security Architecture:
The crisis exposed the erosion of diplomatic norms and crisis management mechanisms that previously contained escalation between the nuclear-armed neighbors[65]. India’s suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty and Pakistan’s threat to withdraw from the Simla Agreement signaled that South Asia may be entering a new era where treaties are weaponized as tools of strategic leverage rather than instruments of cooperation[66].
Operation Sindoor established a clear precedent: **terrorism emanating from Pakistani soil will now be met with military force**—not merely as a threat but as a firm, actionable doctrine[15][60].
Conclusion
Operation Sindoor represented India’s most comprehensive military response to cross-border terrorism in its history. Over four days from May 7-10, 2025, the Indian Armed Forces demonstrated strategic clarity, operational excellence, and technological superiority.
The operation achieved its stated objectives[4]:
– Destroyed nine terror camps and terrorist infrastructure
– Eliminated over 100 terrorists including high-value targets
– Sent an unambiguous message that terrorism will invite swift, decisive retaliation
– Forced Pakistan to seek ceasefire after realizing it could not sustain military confrontation
Prime Minister Modi’s assertion that Operation Sindoor marked “not just a military operation, but a symbol of the nation’s courage and restraint”[67] encapsulated India’s dual approach—demonstrating both overwhelming military capability and strategic self-control.
For India, Operation Sindoor was not merely a retaliatory strike but a **paradigmatic shift** in how the nation addresses cross-border terrorism. It established a “new normal” where state-sponsored terrorism will be met with calibrated yet uncompromising military force, fundamentally altering the rules of engagement in South Asia[15][60][61].
The operation proved that India possesses the military capacity, technological sophistication, and strategic resolve to defend its sovereignty and citizens against terrorism—on its own terms and timeline[4].
Article Sources
[1] 2025 Pahalgam attack https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Pahalgam_attack
[2] Understanding Operation Sindoor: Facts You Need to Know https://thejuniorage.com/education/what-is-operation-sindoor-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-military-operation/
[3] PM Modi tells cabinet colleagues about Operation Sindoor https://ddnews.gov.in/en/mission-executed-flawlessly-pm-modi-tells-cabinet-colleagues-about-operation-sindoor/
[4] PM addresses the Lok Sabha during a special discussion … https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-addresses-the-lok-sabha-during-a-special-discussion-on-operation-sindoor/
[5] Indian Airstrikes in Pakistan: May 7, 2025 https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2025/05/indian-airstrikes-in-pakistan-may-7-2025?lang=en
[6] Transcript of Special Briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR … https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl%2F39474%2FTranscript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025
[7] Operation SINDOOR: India’s Strategic Clarity and … https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2128748
[8] Operation Sindoor: A detailed timeline of India’s military … https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-a-detailed-timeline-of-india-s-military-strikes-on-nine-terror-targets-in-pakistan-pok-post-pahalgam-attack-by-armed-forces-2025-05-07-989027
[9] Operation Sindoor: A timeline of India-Pak tensions from … https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/defence/operation-sindoor-a-timeline-of-india-pak-tensions-from-pahalgam-attack-to-modi-trump-call/
[10] 12 days of planning led to Operation Sindoor https://www.deccanherald.com/india/12-days-of-planning-led-to-operation-sindoor-3529111
[11] A timeline of the 2025 India-Pak conflict | Pahalgam attack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nbigicYICk
[12] 2025 India–Pakistan conflict https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict
[13] Col Sofiya Qureshi, Wg CDR Vyomika Singh Lead … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_nH3gfUQxg
[14] Summary of Operation SINDOOR – News https://www.cgiistanbul.gov.in/section/news/summary-of-operation-sindoor/
[15] Operation Sindoor Establishes India’s New Response … – BASIC https://basicint.org/operation-sindoor-establishes-indias-new-response-doctrine-towards-pakistan/
[16] ‘Pakistan Army reported to have lost 35 to 40 personnel … https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistan-army-reported-to-have-lost-35-to-40-personnel-between-may-7-and-10-key-takeaways-from-armed-forces-briefing-on-operation-sindoor/articleshow/121080120.cms
[17] India inflicted heavy losses to Pakistan military, terrorists … https://www.newsonair.gov.in/operation-sindoor-over-100-terrorists-killed-high-value-targets-eliminated-across-pakistan-pojk/
[18] 2025 India–Pakistan crisis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_crisis
[19] Operation Sindoor: Rafale, Su-30 MKI, Mirage 2000 https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/india/operation-sindoor-iaf-used-rafale-su-30-mki-mirage-2000-all-the-equipment-india-deployed-19601179.htm
[20] India’s Rafales deliver message to Pakistan, but leave … https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-rafales-deliver-message-to-pakistan-but-leave-room-for-de-escalation/162895.article
[21] Weapons Used in Operation Sindoor: SCALP, HAMMER … https://www.studyiq.com/articles/weapons-used-in-operation-sindoor/
[22] Operation Sindoor: How India Used HAMMER And SCALP … https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-scalp-and-hammer-the-weapons-used-in-operation-sindoor-to-hit-terror-sites-8349826
[23] BrahMos used in Operation Sindoor against Pakistan https://economictimes.com/news/defence/brahmos-used-in-operation-sindoor-against-pakistan-what-we-know-about-indias-fastest-cruise-missile/articleshow/121079032.cms
[24] Operation Sindoor Decoded | India-Pak Tensions LIVE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLgy3rGfgps
[25] Wing Commander Vyomika Singh – Operation Sindoor https://ddnews.gov.in/en/wing-commander-vyomika-singh-and-col-sofiya-qureshi-steer-indias-operation-sindoor-briefing/
[26] Women in Uniform: Vyomika Singh and Sophia Qureshi … https://www.deccanherald.com/india/who-are-wing-commander-vyomika-singh-and-colonel-sophia-qureshi-the-women-who-jointly-led-the-media-briefing-on-operation-sindoor-3528750
[27] Col. Sofia Qureshi and Wg.Cdr. Vyomika Singh-Women … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0BXd7wBhz0
[28] India-Pakistan Conflict in Spring 2025 https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF13000/IF13000.1.pdf
[29] Press Release: Press Information Bureau https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2127670
[30] Transcript of Special briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR … https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl%2F39482%2FTranscript_of_Special_briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_09_2025
[31] May 8, 2025 – India-Pakistan conflict escalates after … https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-08-25-intl-hnk
[32] From Akash shield to D4: Made-in-India air defence … https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-akash-shield-to-d4-made-in-india-air-defence-systems-shine-in-operation-sindoor/articleshow/121176852.cms
[33] Operation SINDOOR: The Rise of Aatmanirbhar Innovation … https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746
[34] Defense Technology in Operation Sindoor | Current Affairs https://visionias.in/current-affairs/monthly-magazine/2025-06-17/security/defense-technology-in-operation-sindoor
[35] Five Weapon Systems That Brought India Victory In … https://swarajyamag.com/news-brief/five-weapon-systems-that-brought-india-victory-in-operation-sindoor
[36] India-Pakistan Conflict: Operation Sindoor, 7 to 10 May … http://usanasfoundation.com/india-pakistan-conflict-operation-sindoor-7-to-10-may-2025-first-impressions
[37] Replay | MEA Press Briefing Day 2 | 5:45 PM IST, 8 May 2025 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QAGVy76TEQ
[38] Special briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 08, 2025 … https://www.cgiistanbul.gov.in/section/news/foreign-secretary-s-statement-special-briefing-on-operation-sindoor-may-08-2025/
[39] Transcript of Special briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR … https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl%2F39479%2FTranscript_of_Special_briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_08_2025
[40] Operation Sindoor: Critical Developments on May 9-10, 2025 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/operation-sindoor-critical-developments-may-9-10-2025-wiccinac-hhymf
[41] May 9, 2025 – India-Pakistan news https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-09-25-intl-hnk
[42] India’s Strikes Against Pakistan A New Doctrine Of … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATDI6ghIkWA
[43] Transcript of Weekly Media Briefing by the Official … https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl%2F39495%2FTranscript_of_Weekly_Media_Briefing_by_the_Official_Spokesperson_May_13_2025
[44] How India and Pakistan agreed to an uneasy truce https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/12/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-ceasefire-intl-hnk
[45] Operation Sindoor: Modi’s paradigm shift in India’s national … http://usanasfoundation.com/operation-sindoor-modis-paradigm-shift-in-indias-national-security-strategy
[46] Statement by Foreign Secretary (May 10, 2025) https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F39488%2FStatement_by_Foreign_Secretary_May_10_2025
[47] Hotline message sent to Pak DGMO highlighting violation … https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/11/hotline-message-sent-to-pak-dgmo-highlighting-violation-of-may-10-understanding-armed-forces
[48] India, Pakistan DGMO talks completed for today: Sources https://economictimes.com/news/defence/india-pakistan-dgmo-talks-completed-for-today-sources/articleshow/121113502.cms
[49] India, Pakistan agree to ceasefire after DGMO-level talks https://ddnews.gov.in/en/india-pakistan-agree-to-ceasefire-after-dgmo-level-talks-foreign-secretary-confirms/
[50] India and Pakistan agree ceasefire: What does it mean? https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/india-and-pakistan-agree-ceasefire-what-does-it-mean
[51] What was discussed at India-Pakistan DGMO meet https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/both-sides-must-not-fire-single-shot-what-was-discussed-at-india-pakistan-dgmo-meet/articleshow/121116211.cms
[52] How world leaders are reacting to India-Pakistan military … https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/7/how-world-leaders-are-reacting-to-india-pakistan-military-strikes
[53] Op Sindoor: How US, China, Russia, Israel, UAE, UN … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3j9a_g_H7g
[54] Russian Caution versus American activism during “ … https://www.natstrat.org/articledetail/publications/russian-caution-versus-american-activism-during-operation-sindoor-210.html
[55] Pakistan Admits Heavy Losses By Indian Airstrikes During … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJB5ayNk7U8
[56] Operation Sindoor Objectives Achieved,Say Forces |N18G https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d–83rUmtkI
[57] India, Pakistan Army DGMOs to Hold Fresh Talks Today … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRg2EHQaOGI
[58] ‘No Firing Or Aggressive Action’: India, Pak In First Talks … https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-firing-or-aggressive-action-india-pak-in-first-talks-after-ceasefire-8396845
[59] Indian Air Force Confirms Operational Use of Rampage … https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2025/10/indian-air-force-confirms-operational.html
[60] Operation Sindoor and the Evolution of India’s Military … https://warontherocks.com/2025/05/operation-sindoor-and-the-evolution-of-indias-strategy-against-pakistan/
[61] Seventy-two Hours That Changed South Asia https://openthemagazine.com/columns/seventy-two-hours-that-changed-south-asia
[62] Escalation Gone Meta: Strategic Lessons from the 2025 … https://www.belfercenter.org/research-analysis/escalation-gone-meta-strategic-lessons-2025-india-pakistan-crisis
[63] 2025 United States–India diplomatic and trade crisis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States%E2%80%93India_diplomatic_and_trade_crisis
[64] Operation Sindoor Has the Key to Why India and US Ties … https://m.thewire.in/article/diplomacy/operation-sindoor-has-the-key-to-why-india-and-us-ties-are-in-doldrums
[65] Operation Sindoor and Its Aftermath: The Return of South … https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/operation-sindoor-and-its-aftermath-the-return-of-south-asian-brinkmanship/
[66] Indus Waters Treaty, Operation Sindoor, and the Dawn of a … https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/14/05/2025/restraint-retaliation-indus-waters-treaty-operation-sindoor-and-dawn-new-era-south
[67] Raksha Mantri reviews security situation & Indian Army’s … https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182172
[68] A Complete Timeline of India’s Deep Strikes in 2025 https://faujidays.com/hub/read/blogs/house-blog/warfare/operation-sindoor-a-complete-timeline-2025/
[69] Operation Sindoor and the Battle of Perception https://www.vifindia.org/article/2025/june/03/Narrative-Shaping-Amid-Battlefield-Losses-How-Pakistan-Skewed-the-Story-of-Operation-Sindoor
[70] The Untold Story of India’s Operation Sindoor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qKWJo7kRbI
[71] Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025 https://www.stimson.org/2025/four-days-in-may-the-india-pakistan-crisis-of-2025/
[72] Military Lessons from Operation Sindoor https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/10/military-lessons-from-operation-sindoor?lang=en
[73] Timeline Of Operation Sindoor Through Graphics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdrRVbUXVKQ
[74] Operation Sindoor: a turning point for India in addressing … https://icct.nl/publication/operation-sindoor-turning-point-india-addressing-terrorism-kashmir
[75] Operation Sindoor: What’s the significance of India’s … https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/7/operation-sindoor-whats-the-significance-of-indias-pakistan-targets
[76] Calibrated Force: Operation Sindoor and the Future of … https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/calibrated-force-operation-sindoor-and-future-indian-deterrence
[77] Operation Sindoor military press conferrence. Watch live https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/operation-sindoor-indian-army-to-hold-press-briefing-at-10am-where-to-watch-2720763-2025-05-07
[78] Statement by EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar on the special … https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl%2F39883%2FStatement_by_EAM_Dr_S_Jaishankar_on_the_special_discussion_in_Lok_Sabha_on_Operation_Sindoor
[79] Wing Commander Vyomika Singh And Col. Sophia Qureshi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5oWr3kbJso
[80] Special briefing on Operation Sindoor (May 07, 2025) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3zvp7oxIYk
[81] Press Brief on Operation Sindoor | 07 May 2025 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-ow_oq6OoM
[82] When Top Court Praised Colonel Sofiya Qureshi Who Co … https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/when-supreme-court-praised-colonel-sofiya-qureshi-who-co-led-operation-sindoor-briefing-with-wing-commander-vyomika-singh-8361556
[83] Operation SINDOOR: Forging One Force https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129453
[84] Operation SINDOOR press briefing https://www.facebook.com/brutindia/videos/operation-sindoor-press-briefing/1024353862606629/
[85] India-Pakistan truce appears to hold despite accusations of … https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25
[86] Special briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 08, 2025) https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl%2F39478%2FForeign_Secretarys_Statement_Special_briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_08_2025
[87] The May 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict: Neither Quite … https://nbr.org/publication/the-may-2025-india-pakistan-conflict-neither-quite-the-same-nor-quite-another/
[88] Why did India lose jets to Pakistani fire in May fight? https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/30/political-limits-why-did-india-lose-jets-to-pakistani-fire-in-may-fight
[89] What Led to the Recent Crisis Between India and Pakistan? https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-led-recent-crisis-between-india-and-pakistan
[90] Kashmir: Indian investigators claim all Pahalgam attackers … https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c36xe95g06zo
[91] China Eyes BrahMos, SCALP-EG and Harop Debris from … https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/china-brahmos-scalp-eg-harop-debris-operation-sindoor-intelligence/
[92] The Kashmir attack will renew hostilities between India and … https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/04/kashmir-attack-will-renew-hostilities-between-india-and-pakistan
[93] India Fire 19 BrahMos And SCALP Missiles- Report | WION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnTrURXwtAU
[94] What we know about India’s strikes on Pakistan and … https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj6868pdpw4o
[95] A United Front Against Cross-Border Terrorism https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128747
[96] Cost of missiles used by India during Op sindoor https://www.reddit.com/r/IndianDefense/comments/1msmitk/cost_of_missiles_used_by_india_during_op_sindoor/
[97] Operation SINDOOR: India’s Strategic Clarity and … https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128748
[98] Terrorist Attack in Baisaran Valley: Ramifications on India’s … https://blog.prif.org/2025/05/12/terrorist-attack-in-baisaran-valley-ramifications-on-indias-domestic-politics/
[99] BrahMos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrahMos
[100] Prime Minister Narendra Modi held a key security meeting … https://www.facebook.com/groups/914713443536431/posts/1190043472670092/
[101] India-Pakistan Conflict in Spring 2025 https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13000
[102] OPERATION SINDOOR OPERATION MAHADEV https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/Vigilant%20Indiat_Operation%20Mahadev__(%2016-31%20July,%202025)%20Year-3,%20Volume%20No-08-1.pdf
[103] PM Modi To Meet Operation Sindoor Delegation Members … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcVQrr1dync
[104] Pahalgam attack: A simple guide to the Kashmir conflict https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/2/pahalgam-attack-a-simple-guide-to-the-kashmir-conflict
[105] Pakistan vows retaliation after Indian airstrikes follow … https://www.nbcnews.com/world/asia/live-blog/india-pakistan-live-updates-pakistan-vows-retaliation-india-strikes-ka-rcna205280
[106] Operation Sindoor details revealed: How Rafales, Su … https://economictimes.com/news/defence/operation-sindoor-details-revealed-how-rafales-su-30mkis-m777-guns-and-air-defence-units-played-a-key-role/articleshow/124727015.cms
[107] Operation Sindoor: Indian Air Strikes and Pakistani Air Defenses https://missilematters.substack.com/p/operation-sindoor-indian-air-strikes
[108] In Pics: The Air Defence System That Gave India Edge … https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-indi-pakistan-tensions-in-pics-the-air-defence-system-that-gave-india-edge-during-op-sindoor-8477328
[109] Military operation in Pakistan reveals weaknesses of … https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/05/08/military-operation-in-pakistan-reveals-weaknesses-of-india-s-air-force_6741047_4.html
[110] ️ Operation Sindoor was planned with a clear military … https://www.facebook.com/airnewsalerts/posts/%F0%9D%90%87%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A0%F0%9D%90%A1%F0%9D%90%A5%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A0%F0%9D%90%A1%F0%9D%90%AD%F0%9D%90%AC-%F0%9D%90%A8%F0%9D%90%9F-%F0%9D%90%AD%F0%9D%90%A1%F0%9D%90%9E-%F0%9D%90%8E%F0%9D%90%A9%F0%9D%90%9E%F0%9D%90%AB%F0%9D%90%9A%F0%9D%90%AD%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A8%F0%9D%90%A7-%F0%9D%90%92%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A7%F0%9D%90%9D%F0%9D%90%A8%F0%9D%90%A8%F0%9D%90%AB-%F0%9D%90%81%F0%9D%90%AB%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%9E%F0%9D%90%9F%F0%9D%90%A2%F0%9D%90%A7%F0%9D%90%A0%EF%B8%8F-operation-sindoor-was-planned-with/1063874652602902/
[111] How India tricked Pakistan into believing it shot down a … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1-17mN8jeU
[112] India’s Air Defence Systems and Heroic Role in Operation … https://www.dsalert.org/article/indias-air-defence-systems-and-heroic-role-in-operation-sindoor/
[113] Operation SINDOOR: India’s Strategic Clarity and … https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154448&ModuleId=3
[114] india 🇮🇳 #OperationSindoor Foreign Secretary’s Statement … https://www.facebook.com/IndiaInSouthAfrica/posts/india-operationsindoor-foreign-secretarys-statement-special-briefing-on-operatio/1172221428265660/
[115] Pakistan DGMO Calls to Halt Military Action: May 12 Talks … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyVjx2WYm5c
[116] A Strategic Illusion: How Did Islamabad Spin the Global … https://www.vifindia.org/article/2025/august/28/A-Strategic-Illusion-How-Did-Islamabad-Spin-the-Global-Narrative-on-Operation-Sindoor
[117] Operation Sindoor And Aftermath: Shifting The Security … https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2025/07/operation-sindoor-and-aftermath.html
[118] I’m shocked that the President of the U.S. has announced … https://www.instagram.com/reel/DP3ootsE5c1/